Oscar, how about your view on 401(d) as it relates to infringement of online photos ?
Specifically, whether the copyright owner that places a proper copyright notice on her authorized online copies can use 401(d) to preclude the innocent infringer "defense" against online infringers that use an (unauthorized) copy of the photo containing no copyright notice (because the initial infringer removed the notice).
Background for not-Oscar:
You used to have to put a copyright notice on your work to protect it once you "published" it. The US was at odds with most of the rest of the world in this regard. Back in 1989 the US law changed and a copyright notice was no longer required to protect any of the rights of copyright ownership. Obviously Congress did not get the word out to most readers of this board :-) Getty appears to be taking up the challenge.
However, Congress still saw some benefit to the copyright notice and offered a carrot to anyone placing a copyright notice. If you put a copyright notice on the work in the proper place and in the proper form that would preclude anyone from raising the innocent infringer "defense" to mitigate actual or statutory damages.
Now before you say, hey the photo I used had no copyright notice. The Texas case mentioned above involving digital music said that you don't ask whether the infringing copy had a copyright notice. You ask whether the "published" copies had notice. And published copies require authorization by the copyright owner. And if such published copies had notice then you ask whether the infringer had "access" to the published copies. And, if they did, no "innocent infringer" defense may be raised. Here, the court found the infringer had access to the physical CDs which were the "published" copies and which contained the proper copyright notice. So infringer couldn't raise the defense.
So with photographs if you follow the logic of the Texas court you don't ask whether the copy you infringed with had notice. You ask whether the copies "published" by the photographer or it's exclusive licensee (Getty) had copyright notice. And then you ask whether you had "access" to such copies.
Specifically, whether the copyright owner that places a proper copyright notice on her authorized online copies can use 401(d) to preclude the innocent infringer "defense" against online infringers that use an (unauthorized) copy of the photo containing no copyright notice (because the initial infringer removed the notice).
Background for not-Oscar:
You used to have to put a copyright notice on your work to protect it once you "published" it. The US was at odds with most of the rest of the world in this regard. Back in 1989 the US law changed and a copyright notice was no longer required to protect any of the rights of copyright ownership. Obviously Congress did not get the word out to most readers of this board :-) Getty appears to be taking up the challenge.
However, Congress still saw some benefit to the copyright notice and offered a carrot to anyone placing a copyright notice. If you put a copyright notice on the work in the proper place and in the proper form that would preclude anyone from raising the innocent infringer "defense" to mitigate actual or statutory damages.
Now before you say, hey the photo I used had no copyright notice. The Texas case mentioned above involving digital music said that you don't ask whether the infringing copy had a copyright notice. You ask whether the "published" copies had notice. And published copies require authorization by the copyright owner. And if such published copies had notice then you ask whether the infringer had "access" to the published copies. And, if they did, no "innocent infringer" defense may be raised. Here, the court found the infringer had access to the physical CDs which were the "published" copies and which contained the proper copyright notice. So infringer couldn't raise the defense.
So with photographs if you follow the logic of the Texas court you don't ask whether the copy you infringed with had notice. You ask whether the copies "published" by the photographer or it's exclusive licensee (Getty) had copyright notice. And then you ask whether you had "access" to such copies.